The task of Quotation and Citation

1.      One work by one author

Full name: Steve Walsh

Direct quotation: “The main advantages of Corpus Linguistic is that it offers rapid and reliable profiles of classroom discourse and enables us to understand how linguistic features ‘work’ in specific classroom context.” (Walsh, 2011:109)

Paraphrasing: Walsh, 2011 said that the main advantages of Corpus Linguistic is it shows the classroom activities and help us understand how linguistic works in the classroom.

2.      One work by multiple author

a.      Two authors

Full name:

Patsy M. Lightbown

Nina Spada

Direct quotation: “The first language may influence learners’ interlanguage in other ways as well.” (Lightbown and Spada, 2000:85)

Paraphrasing: Lightbown and Spada, 2000 said that the learners’ first language can impact their ways in learning other language.

b.      More than two authors

Full name:

Fred R. Eckman

Diane Highland

Peter W. Lee

Jean Mileham

Rita Rutkowski Weber

Direct Quotation: “It is assumed that listening students will make some gains in reading, and perhaps in writing as well, and that some reading students will develop some writing ability, even though they do not do any work aimed specifically at those skills until they have reached the modules that focus on them.” (Eckman et al, 1995:37)

Paraphrasing: Eckman et al, 1995 said that Listening students can influence their ability in reading and writing, and also the Reading students can improve their ability in writing.

3.      Secondary sources

Full name:

Fred R. Eckman

Diane Highland

Peter W. Lee

Jean Mileham

Rita Rutkowski Weber

Direct quotation: “the most fruitful interactions come about when the concerns of second language teachers and second language researchers coincide.” Schachter, 1993 (as cited in Eckman et al, 1995:181)

Paraphrasing: we can get best interactions when the second language teachers and researchers complete each other. Schachter, 1993 (as cited in Eckman et al, 1995:181)

4.      Classical work

He said: So, (it will be). Thy lord saith: it is easy for Me, even as I created there before, when thou was naught. (Quran 9:19)

5.      Group as author

Full name: Board of Studies New South Wales

Direct quotation: “Teachers need to make the purpose of classroom activities explicit and provide opportunities for the student to share anxieties or reservations about particular teaching or learning activities.” (Board of Studies New South Wales, 1994:75)

Paraphrasing: Board of Studies New South Wales, 1994 said that teachers need to focus not only in the subject but also in the students to share their experiences about the teaching learning process.

6.      Authors with the same Surname

Full name:

Irene Barral

Nikolas Barral

Direct quotation:

"In some cultures, people think that it is very important to be honest but in other cultures they think that it is more important to be diplomatic." (Irene Barral and Barral, 2006:22)

Paraphrasing: Irene Barral and Barral, 2006 said that not all of the cultures thought that honest is important, some of them thought that diplomatic is more important.